I'm having this same issue. Most of the time, the program continues execution but the breakpoints won't pause the runtime (and will only show the crash error on the console log). This only happens to me on the iOS Simulator. If I run the same scheme to a physical iOS device, the breakpoints work.
The issue happened randomly, while running Xcode 16.2. I tried moving back to Xcode 16.1 and trying Xcode 16.3, cleaning caches, reinstalling the iOS simulators, trying with other iOS simulator versions (18.1, 18, 18.5), reinstalling everything (even erasing the drive and reinstalling macOS) and the issue persists.
On Xcode 16.3, the debugger stops on breakpoints, but it still shows an error in the console log. The debugger information is incomplete. Unfortunately, the debugger still won't stop and show the stack trace when I'm debugging a crash.